Constitution & Bylaws – Division of International Criminology

Constitution of the Division of International Criminology

(Approved by the DIC membership on March 15, 2022)

I. NAME

The name of the organization shall be the Division of International Criminology of the American Society of Criminology. The Division of International Criminology is a constituent unit of the American Society of Criminology [hereinafter ASC] and will function in accordance with the Constitution, Bylaws, and policies of the ASC.

II. PURPOSE

A. The purposes of the Division are:

To foster research and advance theory development in the field of international criminology;
To encourage effective teaching and develop curricula for courses in international criminology;
To encourage practical application of criminological principles in the field of international criminology and dissemination of research among ASC members, practitioners, funding agencies, policy-making bodies, and other relevant groups;
To provide a forum for persons involved in international criminology to discuss ideas and exchange information concerning international criminology; and,
To organize and promote conference sessions and publications pertaining to international criminology.

III. MEMBERSHIP

A. Membership in this Division is open to all ASC members in good standing.

B. A Division member in good standing is an ASC member who is current in their Division dues.

C. All Division officers and committee members must be Division members in good standing.

D. Membership in the Division is divided into two categories: regular membership and student membership.

1. Regular member is any member in good standing of the ASC, who is paying regular annual membership dues to the Division, and who does not fall within, or falling within does not choose to be included within, the student membership. A Division regular member in good standing is one who is current in their Division dues. Regular Division members in good standing will be considered eligible to vote in all general Division matters (i.e., Division meetings, officer elections, Constitutional amendments), may hold office, and may serve on standing and ad-hoc committees.

2. Student member is any graduate or undergraduate student enrolled at an institution of higher education whose enrollment is certified by a regular faculty or administrative official of the institution, and who is a student member in good standing of the ASC. A Division student member in good standing is one who is current in their Division dues. Student members in good standing may vote in general Division matters. Student Division members, if appointed by the Division Chair and approved by a majority of the Executive Council, may serve on standing and ad-hoc committees.

E. Annual dues for all categories of Division membership shall be set by the Division’s Executive Council.

F. Dues shall be payable annually in concert with the ASC dues. Divisional dues will be collected by the ASC Office, who shall maintain a list of Divisional members. The ASC Office will maintain and manage all dues and other Division funds that may be raised.

IV. OFFICERS

A. To run for an office in the Division, individuals must be regular Division members in good standing and must have been regular Division members in good standing for at least one (1) year before the nomination.

B. Officers: There shall be the following officers of the Division:

1. Chair: Term of office for the Chair shall be two-years, beginning at the close of the Division’s annual business meeting that follows the two-year term served as Vice-Chair. The term as Chair will be immediately followed by the two-year term as Immediate Past Chair. Duties of the Chair shall include the following:

a. Provide executive direction of the Division.

b. Preside over all Division and Executive Council meetings.

c. Appoint chairs and members of standing committees and other committees, with the approval of the Executive Council.

d. Facilitate the Division’s Annual Business Meeting, which will be held at the ASC annual conference.

e. Organize the Division’s Award Luncheon at the ASC Annual Meeting.

f. With the assistance of the Executive Council, prepare the Division’s annual report to the ASC Executive Board.

g. Oversee, or appoint a designee to oversee, the development of sessions organized by the Division at the ASC Annual Meeting (e.g., thematic panels, roundtables, author meets critic sessions).

h. Oversee the work of standing committees and other committees.

i. Bring issues regarding international criminology, as decided by the Executive Council, to the attention of the ASC Executive Board and appropriate ASC Committees for their consideration.

2. Immediate Past-Chair: Term of office for the Immediate Past-Chair shall be two years, beginning at the close of the Division’s Annual Business Meeting following their completion of a term as the Chair. Duties of the Immediate Past-Chair shall include the following:

a. Assist the Chair in the matters of the Division.

b. Chair the Division Constitution and Bylaws Committee.

3. Vice-Chair: Term of office for the Vice-Chair shall be two years, beginning at the close of the Division’s Annual Business Meeting following their election. At the end of that term, the Vice-Chair will become the Chair and serve as the Chair for the next two years. Duties of the Vice-Chair shall include the following:

a. Assist the Chair in the matters of the Division.

b. Preside over Division meetings and the Executive Council meetings in the absence of the Chair.

c. Conduct all necessary business of the Division if the office of the Chair is vacant or if the Chair is unable to serve.

4. Secretary/Treasurer: Term of office for the Secretary/Treasurer shall be two-years, beginning at the close of the Division’s Annual Business Meeting following their election. Duties of the Secretary/Treasurer shall include the following:

a. Record minutes of each annual business meeting and, upon the approval of the minutes by the Executive Council, send the minutes to the Chair of the Social Media Committee for distribution to the members via the Division website.

b. Record minutes of each Executive Council meeting.

c. Maintain all Division records and, at the end of the term, share these records with the Secretary/Treasurer Elect and Historian.

d. Keep track of the income and expenditures of the Division and maintain a balanced budget for the Division.

e. Inform the Executive Council of the Division’s balance, debts, credits, and any potential budgetary issues or concerns.

f. Inform Division members of the Division’s balance, debts, and credits at the Division’s Annual Business Meeting.

g. Submit bills to the ASC Office after being informed that specific expenditures have been approved by the Executive Council.

h. Distribute information about free access to the Division’s journal to Division members in good standing each quarter.

i. Organize and run electronic ballots for the Division.

5. Executive Councilors: There will be three (3) Executive Councilors. Term of office for each Executive Councilor shall be two years, beginning at the close of the Division’s Annual Business Meeting following their election. Duties of the Executive Councilors shall include the following:

a. Assist the Chair in the matters of the Division.

b. Chair, as needed, at least one of the standing committees and/or at least one of the other committees.

C. Term of office: The term of office for each incoming officer will begin at the close of the Division meeting following their election. Elected officers may be re-elected to the second consecutive term in the same office. Upon completion of the second consecutive term of office, a person must wait for a period of at least one full term before running again for the same office.

D. Elections: Elections for the Vice-Chair, Secretary/Treasurer, and three Executive Councilors shall occur in odd-numbered years. Nominees and elected officials must be regular Division members in good standing. Elections shall follow the procedures incorporated in the Division Bylaws and Division policies. The results of the election will be announced in a timely fashion by the Division Chair and posted on the Division webpage.

E. Suspension/Removal from the Office: Any member of the Executive Council who is not attending Divisional meetings, responding to email communication, or otherwise not fulfilling the office responsibilities could be suspended from the office by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Executive Council. Any member of the Executive Council could be removed from the office by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Division members present at the Division Annual Business Meeting or by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Division members who cast the vote in the electronic ballot.

F. Vacancies: Vacancies that occur during the term of office for the Vice-Chair, Secretary/Treasurer, or Executive Councilor of the Division shall be filled until the next election by the appointment of the Chair, with the approval of the Executive Council. Vacancies may be filled at any time and shall be filled for the remainder of the term of office. In the event there is a vacancy for the officer position of the Chair, the Vice-Chair will assume the role of the Chair until the end of that term and then resume their regular two-year term as the Chair.

V. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

A. The Executive Council will be composed of seven (7) members: Chair, Vice-Chair, Immediate Past-Chair, Secretary/Treasurer, and three (3) Executive Councilors.

B. Members of the Executive Council shall serve on the Executive Council during each officer’s two-year term in their respective office.

C. Duties of the Executive Council shall include the following:

1. Establish policies for the Division.

2. Lead the Constitutional changes and Bylaws changes as outlined in these documents.

3. Review the budget and expenditures of the Division and solicit funds for the operation of the Division.

4. Advise the Chair on committee assignments.

5. Assist the Chair in leading the Division.

6. Approve the Division’s annual report to the ASC Executive Board.

D. Unless otherwise specified in the Constitution and the Bylaws, the Executive Council will make decisions with a simple majority vote.

VI. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

A. The Executive Committee will be composed of three (3) members: Chair, Vice-Chair, and Immediate Past-Chair.

B. Duties of the Executive Committee shall include the following:

1. Establish policies for the Division only if the issue(s) cannot wait until the next full Executive Council meeting.

2. Report all relevant activities and Division policy decisions to the Executive Council at or before the Executive Council’s next regularly scheduled meeting.

C. Unless otherwise specified in the Constitution and the Bylaws, the Executive Committee will make decisions with a simple majority vote.

VII. HISTORIAN

A. The Historian will be appointed by the Division Chair with the approval of the Executive Council.

B. The Historian will not be a member of the Executive Council and will serve at the Chair’s discretion.

C. The term of service for the Historian is three years. The appointment could be renewed by a simple majority vote of the Executive Council.

D. Duties of the Historian shall include the following:

a. Collect a historical record of the Division, including electronic and paper copies of documents, photographs, testimonials, social media content, and other relevant social artifacts.

b. Maintain both electronic and paper copies of all the historical records of the Division.

c. Coordinate with the Chair of the Social Media Committee to create the digital historic record on the Division website.

d. Provide copies of all historical documents to the Secretary/Treasurer at the end of the Historian’s term or whenever requested to do so by the Chair.

VIII. AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION

A. Amendments may be proposed by any regular member of the Division, by the Executive Council, or by the Constitution and Bylaws Committee. All such proposed amendments done in writing and submitted to the Division Chair may only go forward as a qualified amendment under one of the following four conditions:

The proposed amendment receives the written support by one-fifth (1/5) of the regular Division members in good standing;
The proposed amendment comes from the Constitution and Bylaws Committee;
The proposed amendment comes from one (1) member of the Executive Council; or
The proposed amendment is introduced at the Division’s Annual Business Meeting and receives at least a two-thirds (2/3) affirmative vote of those regular members in good standing who are present at the Division’s Annual Business Meeting.

B. The proposed amendment meeting the requirements outlined in Paragraph A must be certified as a qualified amendment by at least a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Division Executive Council.

C. A qualified amendment, certified by the Executive Council as outlined in Paragraph B, will be placed on a ballot and approved if it receives at least a two-thirds (2/3) affirmative vote of the Division’s regular members in good standing who vote in the said election.

D. The voting protocol should include the following provisions:

1. The Division Secretary/Treasurer will prepare the ballot and oversee the operational aspects of the vote.

2. The qualified amendment shall be voted on utilizing the mail and/or electronic ballots.

3. Regular Division members in good standing will have at least 15 days to cast their ballots.

4. Ballots will be counted/votes verified by at least two (2) members of the Executive Council (generally but not limited to the Division Chair and Vice-Chair).

5. The results of the vote will be reported to the Division Chair and the Executive Council prior to the Division Annual Business Meeting.

6. The results of the vote will be announced in a timely fashion, typically in the Division Newsletter and/or on the Division webpage, and the other media outlets as the Division Chair deems appropriate.

E. An approved amendment shall take effect at the conclusion of the first Division Annual Business Meeting following the Division vote on the amendment or two (2) months after approved by the Division membership, whatever comes first, unless otherwise specified in the amendment.

F. Amendments are subject to the approval of the ASC Executive Board.

IX. DIVISION BY-LAWS

A. The Division will establish the Bylaws that define Division Committees, Division Awards, Division Nominations and Elections, and Division Policies.

B. Proposed changes to the Bylaws may be either:

Submitted to the Constitution and the Bylaws Committee by any Division regular member in good standing for review;
Proposed to the Division Executive Council by the Constitution and Bylaws Committee; or
Proposed by one (1) member of the Executive Council.

C. At least a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Executive Council in two (2) consecutive Executive Council meetings can amend the Bylaws.

D. Approved changes in the Bylaws shall take effect immediately following the Executive Council’s approval.

X. DIVISION POLICIES

A. The Executive Council may establish policies for the Division.

B. Division policies are established by a majority vote of the Executive Council.

C. Division policies could be changed by a majority vote of the Executive Council.

D. Approved changes in the policies shall take effect immediately following the Executive Council’s approval.

XI. PROCEDURE

A. Robert’s Rules of Order shall govern the procedure of the Division during all general meeting, Executive Council meetings, and committee meetings, unless otherwise designated.

Bylaws of the Division of International Criminology

(Approved by the DIC membership on March 15, 2022)

I. NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS

A. Nominations

The Nominations Committee shall oversee the development of a slate of candidates for officers for the Division elections. The Nominations Committee shall contact regular Division members in good standing and invite them to submit nominations, including self-nominations, for each office to be filled.
The Nominations Committee is to consider all names nominated and may also consider others who were not nominated by the Division members.
From the member nominations and the Committee nominations, the Nominations Committee will select at least two (2) candidates for the office of the Vice-Chair, at least two (2) candidates for the office of the Secretary/Treasurer, and at least four (4) candidates for Executive Councilor to be included on the ballot.
No seated member of the Nominations Committee could be nominated for an elected office.
The Chair of the Nominations Committee will contact the nominees to determine their willingness to serve.
All nominees must be Division regular members in good standing at the time of the nomination, must have been members in good standing of the Division for at least one (1) year prior to nomination, and must maintain regular members in good standing while in office.
The Nominations Committee shall prepare a report outlining the procedures the Committee followed in obtaining nominations and recommending a slate of candidates to the Executive Council. This memorandum with the list of candidates nominated shall be presented to the Executive Council for their approval. The Executive Council will review and approve a final slate of candidates.
Upon obtaining the approval of the Executive Council for the final slate of candidates, the Chair of the Nominations Committee will obtain a brief biographical information and a statement from each candidate on the final slate of candidates.
The Division Chair will distribute the final slate of candidates to the Division members.

B. Voting

Regular Division members who have not yet paid their dues for the current year shall receive a statement from the Secretary/Treasurer to this effect four (4) weeks before the ballots are distributed. The statement shall say that they are not members in good standing and may not vote in the current election unless their dues are paid prior to the ballots being distributed.
All regular Division members in good standing at the time when the ballots are distributed shall be entitled to vote.
Based on the information provided by the Chair of the Nominations Committee, the Secretary/Treasurer will prepare the ballots with the names of candidates for each office as well as their biographical information and the statement.
The ballot shall include a place for write-in candidates.
Voting shall be done by a secret ballot.
Voting will be done electronically and will be overseen by the Secretary/Treasurer. If the Secretary/Treasurer has been nominated for office and their name is on the ballot, a regular member of the Division in good standing will be appointed by the Division Chair to fulfill the Secretary/Treasurer’s role in this task.
Regular Division members in good standing will have thirty (30) days to submit their ballots. The deadline for the ballot submission will be announced on the ballot. No votes will be counted after the deadline.
Ballots will be counted and votes verified by the Secretary/Treasurer and the Chair of the Nominations Committee. If either of these individuals has been nominated for office and is on the ballot, a regular member of the Division in good standing will be appointed by the Division Chair to fulfill their role.
One of those who counted the ballots, normally the Chair of the Nominations Committee, will notify the Division Chair of the results in a timely fashion, who will then report the results to the Executive Council and the general membership typically via an email and/or webpage, and other media outlets as the Chair deems appropriate.
For Vice-Chair and Secretary/Treasurer, the candidates receiving the most votes cast shall be elected to the positions of Vice-Chair and Secretary/Treasurer. For Executive Councilors, the three (3) candidates receiving the most votes shall be elected.
Tied elections shall be resolved by a run-off election conducted through a secret electronic ballot overseen by the Secretary/Treasurer. If Secretary/Treasurer has been nominated for office and their name is on the ballot, a regular member of the Division in good standing will be appointed by the Division Chair to fulfill the Secretary/Treasurer’s role in this task.
Regular members in good standing will have fifteen (15) days to submit their ballots for the run-off election.

II. MEETINGS

A. Executive Council Meeting

The Executive Council shall meet at the ASC Annual Meeting.
There will be at least one (1) Executive Council meeting between the annual meetings. It will be held electronically.
The Executive Council meetings shall be called at the discretion of the Division Chair within at least one (1) week written notice provided to all members of the Executive Council by the Chair.
Upon request by at least two (2) members of the Executive Council to the Chair, a special meeting of the Executive Council will be scheduled within two (2) weeks.
The Executive Council may render decisions by electronic voting.
No later than three (3) days prior to the scheduled Executive Council meeting, any documents to be reviewed at the forthcoming meeting, including the agenda shall be distributed to all members of the Executive Council by the Chair or the Vice-Chair.
Recognizing the occasional need for quick action on an item or request, the Chair may call an Executive Council meeting, or request discussion and vote via email, to handle that specific item or request with as little as 24-hour notice. Any action taken by the Executive Council on that specific item or request requires approval by a majority of the Executive Council.

B. General Membership Meeting

The general membership of the Division shall meet at least once a year, at the time and place of the ASC Annual Meeting.
Such a meeting shall be designated the Division’s Annual Business Meeting.
If deemed necessary by the Division Chair and/or the majority of the Executive Council, the general membership of the Division may meet electronically at other times as well.

C. Rules of Order

Robert’s Rules of Order shall govern the procedure of the Division during all general and committee meetings, unless otherwise designated.
In the event of a conflict, Robert’s Rules of Order will be determinative.

D. Quorum

For conducting the business of the Division, a quorum shall consist of at least ten of the Division’s regular members in good standing.
Unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution and the Bylaws, voting decisions shall be done on the basis of a simple majority.

III. AWARDS

A. There will be five (5) awards.

Freda Adler Distinguished Scholar Award: This prize is awarded annually to an international scholar who has made a significant contribution to the development and growth of international criminology, including international criminal justice, comparative, cross-border, and transnational crime or justice research.
1. The Distinguished International Scholar Award Committee will oversee the selection process.
2. A nomination requires a letter of nomination and a complete CV to be sent electronically to the Chair of the Distinguished International Scholar Award Committee. The letter must explain why the candidate is qualified to be considered for the award.
3. Members of the Executive Council are ineligible from being considered for the award during their term in office.
4. Members of the Distinguished International Scholar Award Committee are ineligible from being considered for the award while serving on the Committee.
5. Prior winners of the Distinguished International Scholar Award are ineligible for the award.
6. The award will be presented at the Division Award Luncheon and/or the Annual Business Meeting held during the ASC Annual Meeting.
7. The Executive Council may decide not to give the Distinguished International Scholar Award in any given year.
Outstanding Book Award: The award is given to the author(s) of an original research book published on any topic relating to the broad areas of international or comparative crime or justice with a formal publishing date in the three calendar years prior to the year of the award.
1. The Outstanding Book Award Committee will oversee the selection process.
2. A nomination from colleagues and/or authors requires a letter of nomination. In addition, copies of the nominated books must be sent to the Committee members.
3. Nominations from any country are welcome, but the book must also be published in English.
4. Multiple-authored books are eligible for the award, but edited books and textbooks are not eligible.
5. The Committee reserves the right to limit the number of books that will review in a particular year.
6. Members of the Executive Council are ineligible from being considered for the award during their term in office.
7. Members of the Outstanding Book Award Committee are ineligible from being considered for the award while serving on the Committee.
8. The award will be presented at the Division Award Luncheon and/or the Annual Business Meeting during the ASC Annual Meeting.
9. The Executive Council may decide not to give the Outstanding Book Award in any given year.
DIC Graduate Student Fellowship for Global Research: The award aims to support a graduate student research project that addresses an international or cross-national criminology or criminal justice issue.
1. This award is available to students enrolled in a graduate program. It is not limited to United States applicants. Students need not be members of the Division to apply. Unless already a member of the Division in good standing, the recipient should become a student member of the Division in good standing.
2. The Graduate Student Fellowship Committee will oversee the selection process.
3. The application should be sent electronically to the Chair of the Graduate Fellowship Committee. The application should clearly describe the intended international research project, provide the have budget for the study, and outline the timeline. A letter of support from a research mentor should be included in the application, as well as the applicant’s curriculum vita.
4. The award maximum is $1,000. Funds cannot be used as salary or wage for the applicant or other persons. Funds are intended to support the research effort, such as travel expenses for data collection, research supplies, participant incentives, and foreign language translation services.
5. At the end of the Graduate Fellowship, typically a year after it has been awarded, the winner shall provide a two-page summary of how the funds were used and what the effort’s outcome is. The report should be sent electronically to the Division Chair.
6. Any student members of the Graduate Fellowship Committee are ineligible from being considered for the Fellowship while serving on the Committee.
7. The Fellowship will be presented at the Division Award Luncheon and/or the Annual Business Meeting during the ASC Annual Meeting.
8. The Executive Council may decide not to give the Graduate Fellowship in any given year.
Student Paper Award (1st place, 2nd place): The award is given to students for papers on any subject related to international or comparative criminology or criminal justice.
1. Submitted papers must be authored by the submitting student only. Papers co-authored with professors are not accepted, but papers co-authored with another student are eligible.
2. The Student Paper Award Committee will oversee the selection process.
3. Papers must be previously unpublished and cannot be submitted to any other competition or made public in any other way until the Committee reaches its decision.
4. Any student members of the Student Paper Award Committee are ineligible from being considered for the Student Paper Award while serving on the Committee.
5. The Student Paper Award will be presented at the Division Award Luncheon and/or the Annual Business Meeting during the ASC Annual Meeting.
6. The Student Paper Award Committee may award the first-place award and the second-place award.
7. The Executive Council may decide not to give the Student Paper Award in any given year.

B. Each award committee will develop a list of nominations for each award.

C. The Chair of each award committee will confirm the eligibility of each nomination for the specific award.

D. The Chair of each award committee will provide the Executive Council with a report containing the list of all nominations, the recommended winner of the award, and the main reasons for the recommendations for granting the award.

E. The Executive Council will give due consideration to each award committee nomination for each award, but the Executive Council is not bound by the slate or the nominee recommended by the awards committee. If the Executive Council rejects the nominee recommended by the awards committee, the Executive Council may ask the awards committee to suggest another nominee. The Executive Council may decide not to give certain awards in any given year.

F. The creation of new awards and award criteria becomes effective when approved by at least a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Executive Council. Thereafter, all award criteria carry the procedural weight of Bylaws.

IV. COMMITTEES

A. There will be eleven (11) standing committees.

There shall be a Program Committee to provide recommendations to the Program Committee of the American Society of Criminology (ASC).
There shall be a Membership Committee that will solicit new members in administrative co-ordination with the divisional Secretary/Treasurer.
There shall be a Nomination and Election Committee that will develop a slate of candidates, inquire of the nominees whether they are willing to serve, and report the slate to the Executive Council.
There shall be a Newsletter Committee that will solicit and receive items for publication of at least two issues in a calendar year. The Newsletter Committee will also develop and publish other relevant material as appropriate. At least one member of the Social Media Committee should serve on the Newsletter Committee.
There shall be a Distinguished International Scholar Award Committee that will select an annual recipient of the Division’s Distinguished Scholar Award.
There shall be an Outstanding Book Award Committee that will select an annual recipient of the Division’s Outstanding Book Award.
There shall be a Student Paper Award Committee that will identify an annual recipient of the Division’s first place Graduate Student Paper Award and an annual recipient of the Division’s second place Graduate Student Paper Award.
There shall be a Graduate Fellowship Committee that will identify an annual recipient of the Division’s Fellowship.
There shall be a Social Media Committee that will be responsible for maintaining and updating the Divisional website and running the Division’s social media. At least one member of the Newsletter Committee should serve on the Social Media Committee.
There shall be an Annual Workshop Committee that will be responsible for organizing the workshop at the ASC Annual Meeting.
There shall be a Constitution and Bylaws Committee that will review the Constitution and the Bylaws as requested by the Executive Board and make recommendations to the Executive Board and/or the Division membership at large. The Immediate Past-Chair serves as the Chair of this committee.

B. The Executive Council may create other committees, as it deems appropriate to carry out the purposes of the Division.

C. Committee chairs must be Division’s regular members in good standing. Committee members must be Division’s members in good standing.

D. Student members, if appointed by the Division Chair and approved by a majority of the Executive Council, may serve on standing and other committees.

E. Committee chairs and committee members are appointed from among volunteers and nominations received by the Division Chair with the approval by the Executive Council.

F. Chairs and members of the committees will be announced at the Division’s Annual Business Meeting and/or electronically to the membership.

G. Committee chairs and members serve a one (1) year term, beginning at the close of the Division’s Annual Business Meeting at which they have been appointed. They may be reappointed.

V. POLICIES

A. The Executive Council shall maintain the Division Policies.

B. The Policies of the Division could be altered by a simple majority vote of the Executive Council at any time.

C. The changes of the Policies become effective immediately after they have been approved by the Executive Council.

VI. PUBLIC POLICY STATEMENTS

A. The Division membership may not make public policy statements on behalf of the Division, Division Executive Council, nor the Division Executive Committee.

B. Public policy statements can be made by the Division as a whole. Such statements require a majority vote of the members in good standing who vote in the said election. Such a statement would carry the by-line, Approved by the Division of International Criminology of the American Society of Criminology.

C. Public policy statements can be made by the Executive Council of the Division if the proposed policy statement receives at least a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Executive Council. Such a statement would carry the by-line, Approved by the Executive Board of the Division of International Criminology of the American Society of Criminology. The Executive Council may not make public policy statements on behalf of the Division nor the Division Executive Committee.

D. Public policy statements can be made by the Executive Committee of the Division if the proposed policy statement receives at least a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Executive Committee. Such a statement would carry the by-line, Approved by the Executive Committee of the Division of International Criminology of the American Society of Criminology. The Executive Committee may not make public policy statements on behalf of the Division nor the Division Executive Board.